
24. 夫子自道
(一)
《论语·宪问》14.28:子曰:“君子道者三,我无能焉:仁者不忧,知者不惑,勇者不惧。”子贡曰:“夫子自道也。”
(二)
“夫子自道也”,句中的“夫子”是呼语吗?也就是说,这话是子贡当着老师面,喊着“老师,您……”这样说的吗?
我们先看理雅各、韦利、辜鸿铭三位的英译:
1. 理雅各译:The Master said, “The way of the superior man is threefold, but I am not equal to it. Virtuous, he is free from anxieties; wise, he s free from perplexities; bold, he is free from fear. Zigong said, “Master, that is what you yourself say.”
2. 韦利译:The Master said, The Ways of the true gentleman are three, I myself have met with success in none of them. For he that is really Good is never unhappy, he that is really wise is never perplexed, he that is really brave is never afraid. Tzu-kung said, That, Master, is your own Way!
3. 辜鸿铭译:Confucius once remarked, “A wise and good man may be known in three ways which I am not able to show in my own person. As a moral man he is free from anxiety; as a man of understanding he is free from doubt; and as a man of courage he is free from fear.”
A disciple, who heard what Confucius said, then remarked, “That is only what you say of yourself, sir.”
三位译者都把“夫子”处理成了“呼语”,大概没有料到,一旦“夫子”离开句子去扮“呼语”角色,“自道”就没了主语。在结构上,“夫子”恐怕一身难兼二任,既当呼语,又当主语。子贡的“夫子”未必是面称,也可能是对其他人说的:“(这是)夫子说他自己啊!”
就这句翻译来说,我更倾向于潘富恩、温少霞的译文:The Master said, “The ways of the superior man are three, but I have met with success in none of them. The virtuous s free from anxieties; the wise is free from doubts; the bold is free from fear.” Zigong said, “That s what our master say about himself.”

(三)
“自道”的翻译也极富趣味。
理雅各译“that s what you yourself say”,以yourself译“自”,强调夫子自谦“无能”,他人并不这么看。
韦利译“That, Master, is your own Way!”以“own”译“自”,而且以“Way”译“道”,句子就成了“老师,这是您自己的道。”与他人真是“道不同”啊。译者或许觉得前面说“君子道者三”,在此又说“夫子自道”,都译成大写的“Way”,才能前后一致。如果孔子说,君子之道有三,仁者不忧,知者不惑,勇者不惧,而子贡听到后回应说“这是您自己的道。”难道子贡是要表达孔子自己的道非君子之道吗?——把“夫子自道”之“道”理解成“君子之道”的“道”,很显然是不妥当的。
韦利料不到前后两个“道”是两码事,也正常。国人不也有把“道者三”的“道”字解成“言”的吗?程树德《论语集注》里说:《经正录》:…… 今或训作道言之道,谓君子所言者有三,与下文夫子自道一例,则浅而无实义矣。
辜鸿铭译“That is only what you say of yourself, sir.”以“say of yourself”来译“自道”,就不单是“自己说”,而且还有“说自己”之意。潘富恩、温少霞译“That s what our master say about himself.”也是。
(四)
毛子水《论语今注今译》:“这是老师说自己!”
李泽厚《论语今读》:“这正是老师讲自己啊。”
唐满先《论语今译》:“这正是老师自我表述哩。”
余国庆《论语今译》:“这正是先生的自我写照哩。”——若论意思,我喜欢这个译法。
东篱子《论语全鉴》:“这正是老师自谦的说法啊!”——“自道也,只是自言如此意。”言外之意是孔子自谦,但翻译时我仍不赞成译出“谦”字。
徐志刚《论语通译》:“这正是老师您的自我表述啊!”
钱穆《论语新解》:“这正是先生称道他自己呀!”——“称道”一词,说明子贡觉得老师不谦虚。
杨伯峻《论语译注》:“这正是他老人家对自己的叙述哩。”
(五)
钱穆在《论语新解》中注解:
君子道者三:此犹云君子之道三也。或说:道训由,君子由此三者以成德,故曰君子之道也。人之才性各异,斯其成德亦有不同,惟知仁勇为三达德,不忧不惑不惧,人人皆由以成德也。
夫子自道也:自道犹云自述。圣人自视常欿然,故曰我无能焉,此其所以日进不止也。自子贡视之,则孔子三道尽备,故曰夫子自道。
孔子说,要成君子,道路有三条:不忧、不惑、不惧,我都没做到啊。子贡说,无能是老师自己说,别人不这么看。——这样理解“自道”,孔子是谦虚的。
如果忽视“我无能焉”,而专注于“仁者不忧,知者不惑,勇者不惧”,然后说“这是夫子对自己的叙述”,那样的话,孔子就不是谦虚的了。
